目 錄
1 汽車(chē)發(fā)展史·················································································································· 1
1.1 汽車(chē)的遠(yuǎn)祖············································································································ 1
1.2 蒸汽汽車(chē)的誕生····································································································· 3
1.3 內(nèi)燃機(jī)的發(fā)明········································································································ 5
1.4 柴油機(jī)的誕生········································································································ 6
1.5 內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)的誕生·································································································· 8
1.6 汽車(chē)大量生產(chǎn)時(shí)期·································································································· 9
1.7 世界主要汽車(chē)生產(chǎn)國(guó)的發(fā)展··················································································· 12
2 汽車(chē)基本結(jié)構(gòu)及原理································································································· 18
2.1 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的構(gòu)成及工作原理······················································································ 18
2.2 汽車(chē)底盤(pán)的構(gòu)成及工作原理··················································································· 25
2.3 汽車(chē)車(chē)身及電氣設(shè)備····························································································· 35
3 汽車(chē)造型設(shè)計(jì)············································································································ 36
3.1 汽車(chē)造型的演變··································································································· 36
3.2 影響汽車(chē)造型的因素····························································································· 43
3.3 汽車(chē)造型色彩······································································································· 44
3.4 空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)的基本概念·························································································· 46
3.5 風(fēng)格各異的汽車(chē)造型藝術(shù)······················································································ 47
4 汽車(chē)知識(shí)···················································································································· 51
4.1 概念車(chē)················································································································ 51
4.2 汽車(chē)名人············································································································· 58
4.3 世界五大汽車(chē)展··································································································· 68
4.4 世界十大汽車(chē)城··································································································· 71
4.5 汽車(chē)車(chē)標(biāo)············································································································· 75
4.6 汽車(chē)運(yùn)動(dòng)············································································································· 90
5 中外汽車(chē)公司············································································································ 98
5.1 中國(guó)第一汽車(chē)集團(tuán)公司·························································································· 98
5.2 東風(fēng)汽車(chē)集團(tuán)股份有限公司················································································· 106
5.3 上海汽車(chē)集團(tuán)股份有限公司················································································· 110
5.4 中國(guó)其他汽車(chē)公司······························································································ 111
5.5 國(guó)外主要汽車(chē)公司······························································································ 116
6 汽車(chē)技術(shù)的發(fā)展······································································································· 133
6.1 現(xiàn)代汽車(chē)技術(shù)的發(fā)展··························································································· 133
6.2 現(xiàn)代汽車(chē)技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向—— 從汽車(chē)展看汽車(chē)技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)································· 136
7 二手車(chē)鑒定及評(píng)估··································································································· 142
7.1 汽車(chē)鑒定評(píng)估基本理論························································································ 142
7.2 二手車(chē)技術(shù)狀況鑒定··························································································· 145
7.3 二手車(chē)評(píng)估的基本方法························································································ 153
參考文獻(xiàn)························································································································ 157
1.1 汽車(chē)的遠(yuǎn)祖
在原始社會(huì)，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)將圓木置于重物的下面，拖著重物行走比較省力，這被稱作早期的木輪運(yùn)輸；后來(lái)人們又發(fā)現(xiàn)直徑大的木輪速度比較快，于是木輪的直徑越來(lái)越大，逐漸演變?yōu)閹лS的輪子，這便形成了車(chē)輪的雛形。車(chē)輪是中華民族的祖先首先發(fā)明的，人類(lèi)歷史上的第一部車(chē)輛，也是在中華民族祖先靈巧的雙手和智慧的開(kāi)拓下，最早駛上了歷史的舞臺(tái)。
中國(guó)古代神話中，有黃帝（也叫軒轅氏）造車(chē)之說(shuō)。軒是古代一種有圍棚的車(chē)，轅是車(chē)的基本構(gòu)件。車(chē)的發(fā)明，第一次為人類(lèi)創(chuàng)造了運(yùn)輸工具，大大減輕了人類(lèi)搬運(yùn)工作的負(fù)擔(dān)，也擴(kuò)大了人類(lèi)交往的距離；車(chē)的發(fā)明，具有劃時(shí)代的意義，它證明人類(lèi)已真正進(jìn)入了文明的軌道（《淮南子》說(shuō)：黃帝造車(chē)；《古史考》曰：黃帝作車(chē)，至少昊始駕牛）。
據(jù)說(shuō)5 000多年前，黃帝時(shí)代就已經(jīng)發(fā)明了指南車(chē)，當(dāng)時(shí)黃帝曾憑著它在大霧彌漫的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上指示方向，戰(zhàn)勝了蚩尤。
另外據(jù)史料記載，公元前2 000多年的夏初大禹時(shí)代，大夫奚仲，是中國(guó)車(chē)子的創(chuàng)造者，也是世界上第一輛車(chē)子的發(fā)明者（《呂氏春秋·君守篇》說(shuō)：奚仲作車(chē)；《淮南子·修務(wù)篇》亦曰：奚仲為車(chē)）。
公元前1600年的商代，中國(guó)的車(chē)工技術(shù)已達(dá)到了相當(dāng)高的水平，能制造出相當(dāng)高級(jí)的兩輪車(chē)，采用輻條制作車(chē)輪，外形結(jié)構(gòu)精致華美，做工也十分復(fù)雜（見(jiàn)圖1.1）。
西周時(shí)期（公元前771年）馬車(chē)已經(jīng)很盛行了。各諸侯國(guó)之間由于頻繁的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，馬車(chē)便被納入了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的行列，在當(dāng)時(shí)馬車(chē)是代表一個(gè)國(guó)家強(qiáng)盛的標(biāo)志。
陜西臨潼秦始皇帝陵出土的戰(zhàn)車(chē)樣式，代表了春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期（公元前770—前221年）車(chē)輛的制造水平。其外形華美，做工精致，是當(dāng)時(shí)馬車(chē)的典范（見(jiàn)圖1.2）。
圖1.1 2005年發(fā)掘的商代晚期車(chē)馬坑 圖1.2 秦始皇帝陵出土的戰(zhàn)車(chē)
據(jù)考證，三國(guó)時(shí)期魏國(guó)的于青龍三年（235年）創(chuàng)造了指南車(chē)。馬鈞所造的指南車(chē)除用齒輪傳動(dòng)外，還有自動(dòng)離合裝置，是利用齒輪傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和離合裝置來(lái)指示方向。雖有記載，但造法失傳。東晉安帝義熙十三年（417年），劉裕北伐進(jìn)兵長(zhǎng)安，后秦姚興使令狐生制造指南車(chē)。北魏的郭善明也曾研制過(guò)，未成，扶風(fēng)人馬岳又造，垂成，善明鴆殺之。南朝的又發(fā)明一次，在《南齊書(shū)·祖沖之傳》中記載：初，宋武平關(guān)中，得姚興指南車(chē)，有外形而無(wú)機(jī)巧，每行，使人于內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)之。升明中，太祖輔政，使沖之追修古法。沖之改造銅機(jī)，圓轉(zhuǎn)不窮，而司方如一，馬鈞以來(lái)未有也。在特定條件下，車(chē)子轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)木人手臂仍指南。
《宋史·輿服志》則詳細(xì)地記載了和吳德仁所造指南車(chē)的結(jié)構(gòu)和技術(shù)規(guī)范，成為世界史上最寶貴的工程學(xué)文獻(xiàn)。燕肅的指南車(chē)是一輛雙輪獨(dú)轅車(chē)，車(chē)上立一木人，伸臂指南（見(jiàn)圖1.3）。車(chē)中，除兩個(gè)沿地面滾動(dòng)的足輪（即車(chē)輪）外，尚有大小不同的7個(gè)齒輪。車(chē)輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，帶動(dòng)附于其上的垂直齒輪（稱附輪或附立足子輪），該附輪又使與其嚙合的小平輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，小平輪帶動(dòng)中心大平輪。指南木人的立軸就裝在大平輪中心。當(dāng)車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，只要操作車(chē)上離合裝置，即竹繩、滑輪（分別居于車(chē)左或車(chē)右的小輪）和鐵墜子，就可以控制大平輪的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，從而使木人指向不變。例如，當(dāng)車(chē)向右轉(zhuǎn)彎，則其前轅向右，后轅必向左。此時(shí)，只要將繞過(guò)滑輪的后轅端繩索提起，使左小平輪下落，從而與大平輪離開(kāi)，同時(shí)使右小平輪上升，從而與大平輪嚙合，大平輪就隨右小平輪而逆轉(zhuǎn)。由于各個(gè)齒輪匹配合理，車(chē)輪轉(zhuǎn)向的弧度與大平輪逆轉(zhuǎn)弧度相同，故木人指向不變。
圖1.3 指南車(chē)
其后，吳德仁鑒于燕肅所制的指南車(chē)不能轉(zhuǎn)大彎，否則指向就失靈這一大缺點(diǎn)，重新設(shè)計(jì)制作指南車(chē)。吳德仁所造指南車(chē)的基本原理與燕肅所造的一致，只是在附設(shè)裝置方面較為復(fù)雜。車(chē)分上下兩層，上層除木人指南外，繞木人還有2只龜、4只鶴和4個(gè)童子。上層13個(gè)相互嚙合的齒輪就是為它們?cè)O(shè)的。下層的齒輪裝置與結(jié)構(gòu)如前所述。這種繩輪離合裝置，保證了車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)大彎也不影響木人的指向。
指南車(chē)是利用差速齒輪原理制造的，是中國(guó)古代的一項(xiàng)重要發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，而歐洲直到19世紀(jì)才發(fā)現(xiàn)和運(yùn)用這一原理，比中國(guó)晚了一千多年。指南車(chē)的創(chuàng)造標(biāo)志著中國(guó)古代在齒輪傳動(dòng)和離合器應(yīng)用上已取得很大成就。指南車(chē)是古代一種指示方向的車(chē)輛，也是古代帝王出門(mén)時(shí)，作為儀仗的車(chē)輛之一，以顯示皇權(quán)的威嚴(yán)與奢華。
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