目 錄
1 汽車發(fā)展史·················································································································· 1
1.1 汽車的遠(yuǎn)祖············································································································ 1
1.2 蒸汽汽車的誕生····································································································· 3
1.3 內(nèi)燃機(jī)的發(fā)明········································································································ 5
1.4 柴油機(jī)的誕生········································································································ 6
1.5 內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車的誕生·································································································· 8
1.6 汽車大量生產(chǎn)時(shí)期·································································································· 9
1.7 世界主要汽車生產(chǎn)國的發(fā)展··················································································· 12
2 汽車基本結(jié)構(gòu)及原理································································································· 18
2.1 發(fā)動機(jī)的構(gòu)成及工作原理······················································································ 18
2.2 汽車底盤的構(gòu)成及工作原理··················································································· 25
2.3 汽車車身及電氣設(shè)備····························································································· 35
3 汽車造型設(shè)計(jì)············································································································ 36
3.1 汽車造型的演變··································································································· 36
3.2 影響汽車造型的因素····························································································· 43
3.3 汽車造型色彩······································································································· 44
3.4 空氣動力學(xué)的基本概念·························································································· 46
3.5 風(fēng)格各異的汽車造型藝術(shù)······················································································ 47
4 汽車知識···················································································································· 51
4.1 概念車················································································································ 51
4.2 汽車名人············································································································· 58
4.3 世界五大汽車展··································································································· 68
4.4 世界十大汽車城··································································································· 71
4.5 汽車車標(biāo)············································································································· 75
4.6 汽車運(yùn)動············································································································· 90
5 中外汽車公司············································································································ 98
5.1 中國第一汽車集團(tuán)公司·························································································· 98
5.2 東風(fēng)汽車集團(tuán)股份有限公司················································································· 106
5.3 上海汽車集團(tuán)股份有限公司················································································· 110
5.4 中國其他汽車公司······························································································ 111
5.5 國外主要汽車公司······························································································ 116
6 汽車技術(shù)的發(fā)展······································································································· 133
6.1 現(xiàn)代汽車技術(shù)的發(fā)展··························································································· 133
6.2 現(xiàn)代汽車技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向—— 從汽車展看汽車技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢································· 136
7 二手車鑒定及評估··································································································· 142
7.1 汽車鑒定評估基本理論························································································ 142
7.2 二手車技術(shù)狀況鑒定··························································································· 145
7.3 二手車評估的基本方法························································································ 153
參考文獻(xiàn)························································································································ 157
1.1 汽車的遠(yuǎn)祖
在原始社會，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)將圓木置于重物的下面，拖著重物行走比較省力，這被稱作早期的木輪運(yùn)輸；后來人們又發(fā)現(xiàn)直徑大的木輪速度比較快，于是木輪的直徑越來越大，逐漸演變?yōu)閹лS的輪子，這便形成了車輪的雛形。車輪是中華民族的祖先首先發(fā)明的，人類歷史上的第一部車輛，也是在中華民族祖先靈巧的雙手和智慧的開拓下，最早駛上了歷史的舞臺。
中國古代神話中，有黃帝（也叫軒轅氏）造車之說。軒是古代一種有圍棚的車，轅是車的基本構(gòu)件。車的發(fā)明，第一次為人類創(chuàng)造了運(yùn)輸工具，大大減輕了人類搬運(yùn)工作的負(fù)擔(dān)，也擴(kuò)大了人類交往的距離；車的發(fā)明，具有劃時(shí)代的意義，它證明人類已真正進(jìn)入了文明的軌道（《淮南子》說：黃帝造車；《古史考》曰：黃帝作車，至少昊始駕牛）。
據(jù)說5 000多年前，黃帝時(shí)代就已經(jīng)發(fā)明了指南車，當(dāng)時(shí)黃帝曾憑著它在大霧彌漫的戰(zhàn)場上指示方向，戰(zhàn)勝了蚩尤。
另外據(jù)史料記載，公元前2 000多年的夏初大禹時(shí)代，大夫奚仲，是中國車子的創(chuàng)造者，也是世界上第一輛車子的發(fā)明者（《呂氏春秋·君守篇》說：奚仲作車；《淮南子·修務(wù)篇》亦曰：奚仲為車）。
公元前1600年的商代，中國的車工技術(shù)已達(dá)到了相當(dāng)高的水平，能制造出相當(dāng)高級的兩輪車，采用輻條制作車輪，外形結(jié)構(gòu)精致華美，做工也十分復(fù)雜（見圖1.1）。
西周時(shí)期（公元前771年）馬車已經(jīng)很盛行了。各諸侯國之間由于頻繁的戰(zhàn)爭，馬車便被納入了戰(zhàn)爭的行列，在當(dāng)時(shí)馬車是代表一個(gè)國家強(qiáng)盛的標(biāo)志。
陜西臨潼秦始皇帝陵出土的戰(zhàn)車樣式，代表了春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期（公元前770—前221年）車輛的制造水平。其外形華美，做工精致，是當(dāng)時(shí)馬車的典范（見圖1.2）。
圖1.1 2005年發(fā)掘的商代晚期車馬坑 圖1.2 秦始皇帝陵出土的戰(zhàn)車
據(jù)考證，三國時(shí)期魏國的于青龍三年（235年）創(chuàng)造了指南車。馬鈞所造的指南車除用齒輪傳動外，還有自動離合裝置，是利用齒輪傳動系統(tǒng)和離合裝置來指示方向。雖有記載，但造法失傳。東晉安帝義熙十三年（417年），劉裕北伐進(jìn)兵長安，后秦姚興使令狐生制造指南車。北魏的郭善明也曾研制過，未成，扶風(fēng)人馬岳又造，垂成，善明鴆殺之。南朝的又發(fā)明一次，在《南齊書·祖沖之傳》中記載：初，宋武平關(guān)中，得姚興指南車，有外形而無機(jī)巧，每行，使人于內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)之。升明中，太祖輔政，使沖之追修古法。沖之改造銅機(jī)，圓轉(zhuǎn)不窮，而司方如一，馬鈞以來未有也。在特定條件下，車子轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)木人手臂仍指南。
《宋史·輿服志》則詳細(xì)地記載了和吳德仁所造指南車的結(jié)構(gòu)和技術(shù)規(guī)范，成為世界史上最寶貴的工程學(xué)文獻(xiàn)。燕肅的指南車是一輛雙輪獨(dú)轅車，車上立一木人，伸臂指南（見圖1.3）。車中，除兩個(gè)沿地面滾動的足輪（即車輪）外，尚有大小不同的7個(gè)齒輪。車輪轉(zhuǎn)動，帶動附于其上的垂直齒輪（稱附輪或附立足子輪），該附輪又使與其嚙合的小平輪轉(zhuǎn)動，小平輪帶動中心大平輪。指南木人的立軸就裝在大平輪中心。當(dāng)車轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，只要操作車上離合裝置，即竹繩、滑輪（分別居于車左或車右的小輪）和鐵墜子，就可以控制大平輪的轉(zhuǎn)動，從而使木人指向不變。例如，當(dāng)車向右轉(zhuǎn)彎，則其前轅向右，后轅必向左。此時(shí)，只要將繞過滑輪的后轅端繩索提起，使左小平輪下落，從而與大平輪離開，同時(shí)使右小平輪上升，從而與大平輪嚙合，大平輪就隨右小平輪而逆轉(zhuǎn)。由于各個(gè)齒輪匹配合理，車輪轉(zhuǎn)向的弧度與大平輪逆轉(zhuǎn)弧度相同，故木人指向不變。
圖1.3 指南車
其后，吳德仁鑒于燕肅所制的指南車不能轉(zhuǎn)大彎，否則指向就失靈這一大缺點(diǎn)，重新設(shè)計(jì)制作指南車。吳德仁所造指南車的基本原理與燕肅所造的一致，只是在附設(shè)裝置方面較為復(fù)雜。車分上下兩層，上層除木人指南外，繞木人還有2只龜、4只鶴和4個(gè)童子。上層13個(gè)相互嚙合的齒輪就是為它們設(shè)的。下層的齒輪裝置與結(jié)構(gòu)如前所述。這種繩輪離合裝置，保證了車轉(zhuǎn)大彎也不影響木人的指向。
指南車是利用差速齒輪原理制造的，是中國古代的一項(xiàng)重要發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，而歐洲直到19世紀(jì)才發(fā)現(xiàn)和運(yùn)用這一原理，比中國晚了一千多年。指南車的創(chuàng)造標(biāo)志著中國古代在齒輪傳動和離合器應(yīng)用上已取得很大成就。指南車是古代一種指示方向的車輛，也是古代帝王出門時(shí)，作為儀仗的車輛之一，以顯示皇權(quán)的威嚴(yán)與奢華。
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