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Chapter 1 Basic of Soil Erosion and Conservation Unit 1 Outline of Soil Erosion 1.1 Conception 1.2 Forms & features of main soil erosion types 1.2.1 Water erosion 1.2.2 Wind erosion 1.2.3 Mass erosion 1.3 Factors affecting soil erosion 1.3.1 Natural factors 1.3.2 Human activities increase soil erosion 1.3.3 Climate change changes soil erosion intensity 1.4 Site effects of soil erosion 1.5 Global environmental effects 1.5.1 Land degradation 1.5.2 Sedimentation of aquatic ecosystems 1.5.3 Airborne dust pollution 1.6 Monitoring, measuring and modeling soil erosion 1.7 Prevention and remediation Unit 2 Water Erosion 2.1 Rill erosion 2.1.1 Conception 2.1.2 Rills created by erosion 2.1.3 Rill initiation 2.1.4 Significance of rill erosion 2.2 Gully erosion 2.2.1 r Conception 2.2.2 Formation and consequences 2.3 Headward erosion 2.3.1 Conception 2.3.2 Stream types created by headward erosion 2.3.3 Drainage patterns created by headward erosion 2.4 Debris flow 2.4.1 Conception 2.4.2 Features and behavior Unit 3 Wind Erosion 3.1 Conception 3.2 Transport 3.3 Deposition 3.4 Aeolian landform 3.4.1 The types of wind erosion landforms 3.4.2 The types of wind deposition landforms Unit 4 Mass Erosion 4.1 Overview 4.2 Sinkholes 4.3 Earthflows 4.4 Landslides Unit 5 Sandy Desertification 5.1 Conception 5.2 Areas affected 5.3 Causes and consequences 5.3.1 Vegetation destruction 5.3.2 Climate change 5.3.3 Overgrazing 5.3.4 Irrigated croplands 5.4 Countermeasures and prevention 5.4.1 Reforestation 5.4.2 Enriching of the soil and restoration fertility 5.4.3 Farmer-managed natural regeneration 5.4.4 Carbon trading and carbon sequestration 5.4.5 Sustainable land and soil management Unit 6 Rocky Desertification 6.1 Conception 6.2 Causes 6.2.1 Natural processes 6.2.2 Human factor 6.3 Distributions 6.4 Environmental, social and economic hazard 6.4.1 Environmental hazards 6.4.2 Social hazards 6.4.3 Economic hazards Unit 7 Dust Storm 7.1 Conception 7.2 Causes 7.3 Environmental and physical effects 7.4 Source areas 7.5 Global health impacts of dust storms 7.5.1 Short-term health effects 7.5.2 Long-term health effects 7.6 Control of dust storms Unit 8 Ecological Engineering 8.1 Overview 8.2 Terrace 8.3 Conservation tillage 8.4 Windbreak 8.5 Sand fence Unit 9 Watershed Management 9.1 Overview 9.2 Integrated water resources management 9.3 Environmental laws Chapter 2 Academic English Writing Unit 10 Characters of Academic English 10.1 Vocabulary characteristics 10.2 Features of grammatical structure 10.3 Features of commonly used sentence 10.4 Exercises Unit 11 Writing up Research 11.1 Formulating a research question 11.2 Title 11.3 Abstract 11.4 Introduction 11.5 Materials and methods 11.5.1 Materials 11.5.2 Methods 11.6 Results 11.7 Discussion 11.8 Acknowledgments 11.9 References References Appendix